Researchers have been taking a keen interest in Echinacea, with the aim of isolating its medicinal properties. First they tried, without success, to find the substances that prevent the growth and development of pathogenic organisms, since it was thought that this is what happens.
It was much later, however, when they discovered that the effect of Echinacea is not attributable to some antibiotic property, but to its ability to reinforce the body’s own defence mechanism. Medical science began to realise then that here was a very remarkable plant indeed. After all, the immune system is one of the most important things in our body. Without its proper functioning, without a good defence mechanism, we could not survive. We are constantly subjected to the attacks of millions of germs. However, these agents can multiply and cause damage in the human body only if they find the breeding ground necessary for their survival and if the defence system is weak.
The immune system is weakened by our modern, unnatural way of life. It is therefore understandable that a herbal remedy such as Echinacea is gaining in stature.
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Mr H. came requesting vasectomy. He was a small businessman whose wife helped in the playgroup. Their children were older and starting secondary school. The doctor pictured his wife as an intensely earthbound mother putting continued efforts into child rearing and understanding the needs of parents and their desire to procreate. Mr H. spent most of his time at the shop.
The doctor asked him how he would feel about never being able to father a child again. He paused, quietened and said how he loathed the shop. He had hoped that his wife would put more hours in serving to let him do other things. No, he really did not want a vasectomy either, he was wondering about becoming a mature student and doing primary teaching. Neither member of this couple really wanted sterilization despite peer pressure.
One cannot assume that the marriage will benefit from vasectomy (Howard, 1979).
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To those who decide the time is right for the wanted baby, a pregnancy is achieved by the majority of couples within the first two years of trying to conceive. Modern contraception has encouraged people to feel in control of their lives so that when its use is discontinued, expectations of an ensuing pregnancy occurring immediately are very high. When one does not occur, the emotional anxieties begin to feature very largely in the daily agenda of the woman, and sometimes of the couple.
The most common single problem, accounting for a quarter of all infertility problems, is that of sperm defect or dysfunction. Nearly a half are caused by a mixture of female problems, another quarter by unexplained reasons, and finally 6% due to coital problems. These are useful figures to remember when trying to put infertility problems into perspective and form a balanced view of the cause, if any. However, they do not give any indication of the amount of emotional disturbance felt by the individuals involved. The feelings of failure, utter disbelief and sometimes denial that they are in this situation can be seen in such statements as, ‘We’re not ready for children yet’ or ‘We’re quite busy enough with our dogs at the moment’.
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Miss A. came to the family planning clinic accompanied by her fiance. She requested a pregnancy test which was positive. The couple came into the office beaming with pleasure. Miss A. had missed a few Pills but they really ‘couldn’t understand’ how she had fallen pregnant. However, they felt sure of parental support and would just hasten their wedding plans. This apparently unplanned pregnancy was obviously not unwanted. The doctor wondered how unplanned this pregnancy was but further discussion at this point seemed irrelevant. The couple wanted the doctor to share in their good news and point them in the direction of antenatal care.
Some very definitely planned pregnancies may turn out to be unwanted. This may be due to a change in circumstances such as deterioration in the relationship, bereavement or redundancy, making the woman feel unable to care for a child or change her objectives. Sometimes a woman may like the idea of becoming pregnant, but once faced with the prospect of having a baby in a few months, she makes a more realistic appraisal of her circumstances.
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Certainly, once inserted, the woman has nothing more to do. Few women even check for the threads of the coil, although all are taught to do so. Most women, after the first few months of anxiety – how can such a tiny thing be effective? Has it got lost? Will the bleeding ever stop? – seem to forget that the coil is there, between periods, anyway. Menstruation is frequendy heavy, sometimes painful, sometimes preceded and followed by spotting or a brown discharge. Surprisingly, most women are content to put up with this, it seems to be natural, acceptable. It is a price they are prepared to pay. Indeed, sometimes the heavy bleed is seen as a letting out of bad blood, and therefore a good thing. There are women who are grateful that the long menstruation provides an excellent excuse for avoiding intercourse. Other women may return for a check because of a particularly heavy bleed, but if all is well clinically, they go away cheerfully. It is as though the regular, heavy, monthly bleed is actually reassuring – proof that the coil is there, proof that it, and the women themselves, are working.
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Mrs A. did not believe in contraception, and although she said it was not because of her religion she said, ‘It’s just that you should have what God sends along and not interfere.’ She was in her late 20s and had nine children from 12 pregnancies. After each pregnancy the use of contraception was suggested by the midwife, health visitor or doctor. Each time the answer was the same, and given in such a way that the professionals felt almost like child killers for even mentioning contraception. Eventually Mrs A. reached breaking point with her tenth child and a difficult delivery. Tired and worn out, she attended the doctor’s surgery frequently for various ailments, both her own and those of her children. Finally, she managed to bring herself to ask for a sterilization. Fortunately, the doctor refrained form saying ‘I told you so’ and managed to expedite the operation in an understanding and friendly way.
This patient illustrates a well-known situation where the actual experience of childbirth and child rearing can change attitudes towards contraception. For Mrs A. there were further factors in her urge to have all the children she could have. She was the unwanted illegitimate child of a holiday romance and in her childhood she had been pushed around from pillar to post with no one to call her own. Her children were her bastion against the world, her own tribe as it were. Her sense that it was morally right to have what God sent fitted her unconscious inner need for a large family.
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Bronchodilators are used in the control of asthma by making the bronchial muscles relax. There are two types of drugs used as bronchodilators – beta-adrenoceptor agonists, and xanthine drugs.
Beta-adrenoceptor agonists can be given in aerosol, powder or tablets. They relax the muscles around the lung airways and are primarily used to relieve, not prevent, bronchospasm; they are sometimes taken before steroid inhalers to free the airways so that the steroids penetrate throughout the lungs. The effectiveness of an inhaled dose lasts for up to six hours. Slow-release tablets or syrup can be useful overnight. They may cause side effects, but usually only briefly if used in excessive doses; these include tremors, palpitations, and headaches. The beneficial effects of the drugs cease once use is stopped.
At present, it appears wiser to prevent asthma using avoidance, desensitisation and, if necessary, inhaled steroids so that relief medication of this kind is not required too frequently, as there is some evidence that prolonged regular use may increase the twitchiness of the airways. Some doctors prefer prevention of asthma to prescribing these drugs indefinitely.
The most commonly used types are as follows:
• Salbutamol: Ventolin, Ventodisks, Volmax, Cobutolin, Salbulin,
Salbuvent, Asmaven, Aerolin-Auto
• Terbutaline: Bricanyl, Monovent
• Fenoterol: Berotec
• Pirbuterol: Exirel
• Reproterol: Bronchodil
• Rimiterol:- Pulmadil
For people sensitive to excipients – other ingredients used in preparing the drug – the powder form of an inhaler is usually well tolerated.
One of the most important elements in the effectiveness of these drugs lies in operating the inhaler properly so that the right amount of drug reaches the affected parts. Many inhalers now have metered doses – in forms of turbohaler, diskhaler, or rotohaler.
It is particularly important for children to learn to operate an inhaler properly on their own. Many GPs now run asthma clinics and can advise. The National Asthma Campaign (address in CHARITIES) also offers advice and local support groups.
If a child has problems using an inhaler, bronchodilator drugs can be given as slow-release tablets or in syrups. If the child is highly sensitive to many things, however, a powder inhaler is probably the best alternative.
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There is a bewildering array of competing systems for water treatment, purification and filtration on the market. They vary greatly in price, running costs, performance and capability. It is very difficult to compare like with like. The main things you need to consider are:
• Purity
How pure do you need the resulting water to be?
• Initial Cost
How much do you want to pay to instal the system?
• Running Costs
How much will it cost to run it over its life?
• Coverage
What parts of your water system do you want to treat?
Do you need just drinking water and cooking water, or do you want
more coverage?
• Convenience
Do you want a plumbed-in system?
Do you want a system that requires frequent cartridge or membrane replacement?
Do you object to a low flow-rate of water?
• Taste
Do you mind a de-mineralised taste to your water? The main types of purification and filtration methods are:
• Reverse Osmosis
• Kinetic Degradation Fluxion (KDF)
• Activated Carbon
• Distillation
• Softening
The way that these work and their principal benefits and drawbacks are explained below. The three methods which are useful for most chemically sensitive people’s needs are reverse osmosis, KDF and activated carbon. All of these provide cheaper water than using bottled water.
Systems can be plumbed in variously, either undersink to supply one tap, or end of tap or showerhead to supply that outlet. Free-standing, or jug versions are available for some methods. Some methods are only suitable in certain variants – if you want a whole system version, or nitrate-reducing method, you only have limited choices.
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If you are sensitive to vehicle exhaust fumes, you can adapt the way you drive in order to help yourself. Keep windows closed as much as you can. Unless you have a car with a re-circulating air system, do not use heating and fan unless you have to, and keep vents closed unless you really need ventilation. A sun-roof can be useful for ventilation – it draws air in and out of the car, directly away from your face.
If the car gets too cold, or too hot, or condensation develops, use the ventilation and heating system in short intense bursts, then close it down again. Shut off if you have to wait in heavy traffic.
Hang back from the vehicle ahead – especially in busy or stationary traffic – do not stop close to someone else’s exhaust, allowing fumes to be drawn directly into your car. Leave as much space as you can. Select a route, or a time, to drive that avoids traffic queues, or sitting stationary at junctions.
When filling your vehicle with fuel, keep windows and vents closed so that fumes from the pumps do not get into the vehicle. If you can find one, go to a service station where someone will serve you, rather than to a self-service garage.
Avoid car journeys in very hot weather if you are very sensitive to vehicle exhausts, or chemical vapours from materials. Materials in cars heat up and give off more vapour in hot weather. It is also impossible to keep windows closed. Only do essential journeys when it is extremely hot, and travel at a cooler time of day if you can. Go earlier to or later from work if possible.
If you are extremely sensitive, try wearing a face mask or use a car filter. If you cannot afford a filter, hanging damp cloths over air vents will reduce the amount of residual vapours which pass through.
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Depilatories
Shave with an electric razor without soap if possible, rather than use a depilatory or wax agent.
Hand Cleansers
Some sensitive people find that they can use a cooking oil (one which they tolerate or to which they are not allergic) to clean off substances like paint, thick grease, oil and stubborn dirt. Massage the oil into the hands until the substance dissolves, then rinse the oil away.
Shaving
For shaving, use an electric razor which will not require soap or lather. For a wet shave, Simple, Gillette and Wilkinson make shaving foams or gels for sensitive skins. If you want to use soap, choose one of the soaps given below. For aftershave, use Witch Hazel, available from pharmacies, which is an astringent.
Soaps
Use soap sparingly. You only really need it to remove grease or severe dirt.
Two soaps that are tolerated well by people with sensitive skins and other allergies are Kays’ Vegetable Oil Soap (available in Superdrug and most supermarkets), and Simple Soap by Simple (available in most chemists). Most supermarkets also sell their own brand of ‘pure’ soap or ’simple’ soap. These are worth trying. Beware of fragrance-free soaps and look for unperfumed. Health food stores sell pure olive oil soap. Wash E45 is tolerated well by some sensitive people; ask your pharmacist.
Tissues
To avoid formaldehyde and bleaches, use handkerchieves rather than tissues.
Toilet Paper
Toilet paper will contain formaldehyde for wet strength. Some brands will be chlorine-bleached. Some toilet papers are perfumed; avoid these.
Try different brands to see if one suits you better than others. Sniff before buying. If the smell is unpleasant or you get symptoms, try another. Air the rolls before using if you can. Keep supplies out of the toilet, in a cupboard or outhouse, until you need them, to keep down the fumes.
Try using non-chlorine-bleached or unbleached toilet paper. Some people tolerate these better; others find they make little difference. If you find you cannot use toilet paper, use pure cotton handkerchieves instead. To disinfect and kill smells.
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