ЯЗВА ДВЕНАДЦАТИПЕРСТНОЙ КИШКИ – DUODENAL ULCER
Симптомы, диагностика, лечение, профилактика-Symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, preventionSudden infant death syndrome is the name given to the phenomenon of the unexpected and unexplained death of a baby. This usually occurs when the baby is between the ages of 1 and 6 months, and is rare beyond 1 year of age. The typical circumstances are mat an apparently normal baby is put to bed in the evening and is found dead in the cot during the night or in the morning (hence the alternative and previously used term ‘cot death’). There is usually no indication that anything was wrong, and no sign during the night that the baby was distressed or that anything was remiss. In some instances a parent is sleeping in the same room, but hears nothing. The death apparently occurs very rapidly. Sometimes the baby will have had a very mild cold in the days prior to the death.
SIDS affects about 1 in every 500 infants, although the incidence has dropped in the past few years all over the world. It is generally more common in winter, in colder climates, in families from lower socio-economic groups, and in babies who have been born very prematurely.
Cause
The exact cause of SIDS is unknown, despite an enormous amount of research. There have been literally dozens of theories advanced over the years, but none have been found to explain adequately why an apparently normal baby dies suddenly. The most common theories have been to do with the possible role of viral infections, the immaturity or vulnerability of the baby’s breathing control centre, or the erratic control or regulation of the baby’s sleep patterns. It is likely that SIDS is due to a number of different causes, one or more of which may be responsible in an individual case.
Clinical features
There are no specific features, before the death or afterwards, that either predict the event or explain why it happened. In about half the cases parents report a mild cold — perhaps a snuffly or runny nose or mild fever — in the days preceding the event, but in most instances this has been so mild that they have not been concerned enough to seek medical attention. Some have been seen just before the event by a doctor or community nurse, and the parents have been assured that all is going well.
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The best preparation for having a baby is to be as healthy as you possibly can! This is something you can start even before the pregnancy. If you are already healthy when you fall pregnant then your baby will be off to a good start. This is especially important during the first three months of pregnancy, which is the time when all the baby’s vital organ systems are developing. Some women may not even realise that they are pregnant during this early stage, so being healthy anyway is a bonus to the baby, as well as to the mother. During pregnancy, have routine check-ups.
What do we mean by healthy?
Your general health is very important during pregnancy, and special attention should be paid to good nutrition, adequate rest and moderate regular exercise.
Most things that a pregnant woman eats, drinks or breathes in will pass through her bloodstream, cross the placenta, and finally reach the baby. The baby is at increased risk of being harmed by exposure to certain substances. It is safest to avoid the following altogether during your pregnancy:
• smoking
• painkillers (such as paracetamol, aspirin, codeine)
• drugs of addiction (heroin, morphine, LSD, barbiturates, amphetamines).
Be careful about taking any medications while you are pregnant. Always check with your doctor.
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Of course, we are all aging all of the time. This phase of development, the sexuality of our later years, involves making an emotional and cognitive choice between sitting back and allowing sexuality to diminish or continuing to make the effort, the time, the risk to reach out for sexual fulfillment in our last decades. There is nothing in the physical development of the human that precludes sexual activity until death. Who knows what goes on after that?
As we mature, we are able to accept what life is giving and balance that with what we do not want to take. You may have more time in your later years to monitor those who are still trying to save
Sex and Problems of Dally Living: Why Nobody Has a Sex Life 267 or destroy our worid. Watching, reporting, writing, and serving as a watchperson for social values can be a healthy phase of life no less important than the more physically active tasks of younger years. We don’t have to sit back, but sit up and take notice. If you don’t do it, who will? Younger people are too busy doing things to pay much attention to what they are doing and its long-term impact. They don’t have the perspective of the older adult. The same holds true sexually. A slower, less physically vigorous sexuality is not the only sex available during our later years. It is an option all of us should consider at any time in our life.
After you have discussed these phases with your partner, sit back—better yet, lie back—and review each phase, silendy. Where are you now anyway?
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As we age and develop arteriosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, the vessels lose their elastic properties. The systolic pressure may rise but the diastolic pressure remains only slightly above normal. This form of hypertension does not often require treatment.
A persistent rise in pressure is either primary or secondary. Primary or essential high blood pressure is by far the commonest and the cause is unknown.
We know there is an hereditary factor, as it tends to run in families and is often associated with being overweight. A high salt intake is another factor thought to play a part.
Essential hypertension may occur in the young but becomes more common after the age of 40. It affects women more than men but is more severe in the latter.
It is a slowly progressive condition and may not cause symptoms until it has been present for many years. Occasionally, in less than one per cent, it rises rapidly and causes severe and dangerous symptoms and, if untreated, may cause death. This is called malignant essential hypertension.
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The Achilles tendon comes from the calf muscles at the back of the leg and attaches to the heel bone.
It is named from Achilles, the son of Peleus in Greek mythology. His mother, Thetis, dipped him in the river Styx when he was a baby, so as to make him invulnerable. His only weak spot was that part of the heel where she held him and which was not bathed by the waters.
Eventually, after the battle of Troy, he was slain by an arrow, shot by Paris, which hit him in the heel. We use the term “Achilles heel” to mean a weak spot in someone’s personality.
Injury to the Achilles tendon is a common injury suffered by sportsmen, particularly squash players.
The modern mania for jogging is producing a new crop of sufferers.
Complete or partial rupture of this tendon may occur. Adequate rest is necessary for healing and the injury may be treated by placing the foot in a plaster boot for about eight weeks, then raising the heel about 2 cm (1 in.) for a further four weeks. Early operative repair of a ruptured tendon also gives good results.
In the past, sprains of this tendon were often treated by an injection of cortisone. This has been abandoned, as sometimes complete rupture of the tendon has followed.
Those taking high doses of cortisone for some other condition have occasionally suffered a spontaneous rupture.
Athletes, and particularly those going back to active sport after many years, should pay particular attention to warming-up and stretching exercises.
One exercise to stretch the calf muscles and Achilles tendon is to stand about one metre away and stretch out the hands to touch a wall. The elbows are then bent so that the body rocks forward, keeping the heels flat on the ground. This position is held for 10 seconds.
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1. Calc. fluor.
salt: Calcium fluoride
function: Promotes elasticity of tissues
uses: Cold sores at the corners of the mouth, cracked lips and
tongue, circulation problems, muscle weakness, piles, mptures,
strained tendons.stretch marks, varicose veins
2. Calc. phos.
salt: Calcium phosphate
function: Helps build new blood cells, aids digestion, strengthens bones and teeth
uses: Convalescence, chilblains, indigestion, iron deficiency anaemia, lowered vitality, poor circulation, tooth decay and teething problems
3. Calc. sulph.
salt: Calcium sulphate
function: Blood constituent and purifier
uses: Adolescent spots, sore lips, slow healing skin and wounds
4. Ferr. phos.
salt: Iron phosphate
function: Constituent of red blood corpuscles which helps in distribution of oxygen in the body
uses: Chestiness, coughs, colds, chills, fever, inflammation of the skin, muscular rheumatism
5. Kali mur.
salt: Potassium chloride
function: Promotes respiratory health
uses: Asthma, bronchitis, catarrh, colds, sluggish digestion, sore throat, tonsillitis, wheezing
6. Kali phos.
salt: Potassium phosphate function: Nerve soother and nutrient
uses: Depression, excitement or worry causing irritability or loss of sleep, headaches, indigestion, tension
salt: Potassium sulphate
function: Promotes and maintains healthy skin
uses: Catarrh, discharge of the nose or throat, poor condition of
nails, hair and scalp, skin eruptions with scaling, sticky or
yellowish discharge
8. Mag. phos.
salt: Magnesium phosphate
function: Nerve and muscle fibre nutrient
uses: Acute spasms, colic, cramp and menstrual pains, darting
pains, hiccups, wind
9. Nat. mur.
salt: Sodium chloride
function: Controls distribution of water in the body
uses: Loss of smell or taste, watery colds with runny nose and
eyes
10. Nat. phos.
salt: Sodium phosphate function: pH regulator of the cells
uses: Acidity, gastric indigestion, heartburn, rheumatic pains
11. Nat. sulph.
salt: Sodium sulphate function: Balances body water
uses: Biliousness, colic, digestive problems, headaches, influenza symptoms, morning sickness, queasiness
12. Silica
salt: Silicon dioxide
function: Conditions, cleanses and eliminates wastes uses: Boils, pimples, sties, toxic accumulations
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Aspirin is one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), a group of medications used in the symptomatic treatment of arthritis and many other causes of mild to moderate pain. Other drugs included in this group are Indomethacin, Motrin, Nalfon, Naprosyn, and Tolectin. Since they are “non-steroidal” (not like cortisone), they lack many of the undesirable properties of cortisone-like drugs, such as cortisone’s ability to raise the blood pressure, weaken the bones, depress immunity, and to mask infections.
The NSAIDs, however, have some serious side effects of their own, and one of these is a type of kidney damage, which occurs in about 1 percent of people treated with these drugs, particularly if they are taken for a long time. For this reason, some people are afraid to take an aspirin every day to slow blood clotting and hence to help reduce their risks of coronary heart attack and stroke.
That worry, according to correspondence in the Lancet (1:736), is an unnecessary one, since aspirin differs from all the other NSAIDs in that it lacks any ability to harm the kidneys when taken in usual doses by mouth. The reason for this is that aspirin is broken down by digestion in the intestine and further changed in the liver immediately after absorption so that, after usual dosages by mouth, not enough intact aspirin gets into the general circulation to harm the kidneys.
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Symptoms: Swelling in the front of the neck
Home care Do not attempt to treat at home. Treatment depends on the cause, which must be diagnosed by a doctor.
Precautions:
- During pregnancy, do not take medications (even over-the-counter drugs) without your doctor’s approval.
- Since not all thyroid glands are in exactly the same position, a lump in the neck should never be removed without first testing to be sure it is not the thyroid gland.
A goitre is an enlargement of the thyroid gland which causes a swelling in the front of the neck. The thyroid gland lies just below and to either side of the larynx (Adam’s apple). The thyroid gland produces hormones that control the body’s metabolism rate – the rate at which foods are used for energy and growth. A normal thyroid is barely if at all visible and can barely be felt.
A goitre may be present in a newborn infant, especially if the pregnant mother was on certain medications (including iodides in anti-asthma or cough medicines). Insufficient iodine in your child’s diet also can cause a goitre. Once common, this disease is now rare because of general use of iodized table salt and more widespread eating of seafood. (Seafood is naturally high in iodine content.)
A goitre is most common between the ages of six and 16 years. It occurs in girls nine times as often as it does in boys. It is most often due to an autoimmune (self-destructive) disease-Hashimoto’s thyroiditis -of unknown cause. Enlargement of the thyroid is rarely due to malignancy. A goitre may be hyperactive (producing too much hormone) or hypoactive (producing too little hormone), but usually it is neither.
A goitre can be seen and felt as a swelling in the front of the neck. This swelling usually appears just below and to either side of the Adam’s apple. Often the swelling is noticed when a shirt collar or neck jewelry no longer fits. Generally, there are no other symptoms.
Home care
No home treatment should be attempted until the cause of goitre is diagnosed by your doctor. The cause cannot be diagnosed without laboratory tests.
Precautions
• During pregnancy, do not take medications (even over-the-counter drugs) without your doctor’s approval.
• Not all thyroid glands are in exactly the same position in the neck. Any lump in the midline of the neck may be a goitre of an unusually positioned thyroid. A lump should never be removed from this area without first testing to be sure it is not the thyroid gland.
Medical treatment
Blood tests, often requiring complicated laboratory work, are used to find the cause of goitre. The treatment for goitre depends on the cause and can include giving oral thyroxine (thyroid hormone) or desiccated thyroid for months or years. Surgery is rarely necessary except in rare cases of malignancy or when the goitre obstructs breathing in infants.
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Breathing’s pretty much what it’s all about in the death-defying game. But more than 96,000 Americans each year stop doing it thanks to an increasingly rampant form of lung disease called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. This isn’t pneumonia or lung cancer but a group of conditions characterized by blocked air flow.
There are two principal players in this death act-chronic bronchitis and emphysema-and they often do a duet in the same victim. You may have had a bout with acute bronchitis, with all that coughing and mucus accompanying a severe cold. Imagine those symptoms as a permanent result of inflamed and scarred bronchial tubes and you know what chronic bronchitis is all about.
Emphysema weakens and breaks the inner walls of the air sacs in the lungs, impairing the flow of air into the lungs and the distribution of oxygen into the rest of the body. The damage is irreversible, and emphysema victims find themselves short of breath and unable to do much of anything that requires physical exertion.
About 14 million Americans suffer from chronic bronchitis (a 60 percent increase since 1982), and 2 million from emphysema, 61 percent of them male. The cause of this sad state of affairs is smoking, for the most part. It accounts for 82 percent of all COPD. Don’t smoke, and you’re 82 percent of the way there. Here are some other ways to keep on breathing.
Find clean air. Hawaii might start looking pretty good to you if you’re in the early stages of COPD. The best way to control chronic bronchitis is to keep your nose, throat, sinuses, and bronchial tubes away from things that can inflame or irritate them, says Dr. Steven Mostow of the University of Colorado. Those things include smog, dusty working conditions, and cigarette smoke. Air pollution also aggravates emphysema symptoms. If Hawaii’s out of the question, the American Lung Association recommends that you plan your activities in the early morning or evening when smog levels are at their lowest.
Nip infections early. Any cold or respiratory infection is going to make COPD symptoms worse. So it’s not wimpy to consult a doctor at the first sniffle of a cold. And ask your doctor about getting vaccinated against influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia, two illnesses that can severely hinder breathing, says Dr. Mostow.
Keep moving. COPD or no, general health is still a good way to fight off infections. The American Lung Association recommends regular exercise that doesn’t tire you out much for chronic bronchitis sufferers. You should also exercise with emphysema, but as part of a doctor-guided pulmonary rehabilitation program, says Dr. Mostow.
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Doctors at the University of Iowa College of Medicine have achieved a high rate of success in reversing vasectomies—a procedure that until now wasn’t often successful. The doctors have achieved an 85 percent success rate in rejoining the duct that carries sperm from each testicle to the urethra (vas deferens). The new method for reversal uses a laser to seal the rejoined ends of the duct. It also reduces the length and risk of the operation, and over half of the patients undergoing the new reversal surgery have gone on to father children.
New Technique For Easier Vasectomies
A new, no-scalpel operation developed in China may prove to be faster and less painful than a standard vasectomy. Experts say the new technique is just as effective as the old procedure and is much faster, taking only 5 to 10 minutes compared with a conventional vasectomy which takes 15 to 20 minutes. The new technique also usually does not require the use of stitches because it employs a tiny puncture instead of an incision.
Reports from doctors who have used the new technique indicate that their patients experience less bleeding and pain, both during and after the operation, compared with men who undergo standard vasectomies.
New Methods To Fight Male Infertility
Two new methods of identifying and combating male infertility provide encouraging news to men who have been unable to father children.
At the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center in Oklahoma City, a new sperm antibody diagnostic kit is being developed. The kit will enable doctors to identify antibody-related infertility. According to medical experts, abnormal antibodies produced in the male that attack his own sperm can cause sterility. Antibodies in the female which attack all sperm can also cause sterility.
Doctors at the Iowa College of Medicine are currently using “laparascopic” surgery to remove a varicose enlargement of the veins of the spermatic cord. A varicocele is the most common cause of male infertility. With the new surgical technique, patients have recovered in three days instead of ten to fourteen days.
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(1) Exercise
Exercise is extremely important for a diabetic person. It helps to improve your circulation, control blood sugar, control your weight, strengthen the heart, and reduce cholesterol. The best type of exercises included: Walking, jogging, swimming, or bicycling. Three times per week with 20-30 minute sessions are best. Do not do heavy exercises like weight lifting.
(2) Reduce Stress
Increased stress can cause additional problems for diabetics. Therefore, you should take steps to relax, remain calm, and reduce the amount of stress in your life.
(3) Dental Care
Some diabetic people are very susceptible to infection. Therefore, leading dentists like Roger Levin D.D.S. recommends that you pay particular attention to the care of your mouth. You should brush and floss frequently, and have regular checkups.
(4) Your Feet
A diabetic must pay close attention to their feet. A diabetic’s feet can become easily damaged and infected. This can often lead to amputation. Here is how to protect those feet:
(A) If you are overweight, then reduce your weight to take pressure off of your
(B) Wash your feet well every day.
(C) Keep your feet warm on cold days — A nice foot bath can help.
(D) Inspect your feet for bruises, cuts, swelling, and other damage — everyday.
(E) Wear comfortable — well fitting shoes.
(5) Magnesium for Type-ll diabetics
The mineral magnesium seems to help Type-ll diabetic sufferers. This can help by lowering high blood pressure. One of the best ways to get extra magnesium (and fiber) is by eating fresh green vegetables and salads. You should never take a magnesium pill supplement except under the advice of a doctor.
(6) Peas
A medical study in Denmark showed that the kind of fiber found in peas could help diabetics. This fiber helped by smoothing out the sharp rise in blood sugar after a meal.
(7) Your Lifestyle
A person with diabetics must pay close attention to diet, exercise, weight control, stress, and injuries. This can greatly reduce the many complications that can develop in a diabetic person. By taking all these factors into account, making gradual changes, and listening to your doctor you could greatly reduce diabetic complications.
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Here are 5 ways you can get rid of headache pain fast, naturally, without drugs:
1) Give your eyes a rest. Eyestrain headaches can be prevented by avoiding the circumstances that cause the condition. Reading in dim light, staring at a computer screen, using corrective lenses that are not right for you, or not using lenses when you need them, are among the leading causes of eyestrain. Under such circumstances, the muscles around the eyes contract in an attempt to help you “see” better. The contraction instigates headaches and triggers muscles in the face and scalp to contract as well—all making for a pretty powerful eyestrain headache.
You can prevent eyestrain headaches when you are reading or working at a computer terminal by taking periodic breaks and re-focusing your eyes on some distant object. If you feel eyestrain coming on, remove your glasses or contacts (if you wear them) and dim the lights. Then, keeping your eyes open, cup the palms of your hands over your eyes to create total darkness. Stare into this darkness for about 30 seconds. Then, close your eyes and lower your hands. Slowly open your eyes.
2) Give your muscles a rest. If your work requires that you maintain a fixed position—sitting or standing—for long periods of time and/or if you have poor posture, your muscles, including those in the head, face and neck, are likely to tighten up and in effect “freeze”. This can in turn trigger or aggravate the misery of tension headaches.
To prevent muscle freeze, you should try to vary your position as much as possible. You should also take five-minute breaks at a minimum of every two hours. This will help you release both the physical and psychological tension that could lead to a headache. If you are standing for a long period of time, try to pace a little, tilt your pelvis forward and back, and rotate your shoulders. People who are in a sitting position for long periods of time should occasionally straighten and stretch their spines. Good posture can also help to further reduce the strain of maintaining one position for hours at a time—especially when sitting. You should sit with your shoulders square and your back straight against the back of your chair. Also keep your feet flat on the floor and your knees at hip level.
3) Try hot and cold treatments. While some people have discovered that applying cold helps to ease their headache pain, others prefer heat. You should try both treatments and find out which one works better for you.
To give your headache a cold treatment, wrap ice cubes in plastic and then in a damp towel. Apply the wrapped ice directly on the area that is generating the pain. You can also try applying cold to the back of your neck, the base of the skull and the top of your head. Cold may also be applied by using a damp washcloth which has been in a freezer for at least 10 minutes, or a frozen gel pack which you can find at most drug stores and some supermarkets.
Heat can be applied with a hot-water bottle, a heating pad, or with a hot, wet towel draped across the back of the neck. Another method of applying heat is to sit under a hot shower, with your arms resting on your bent knees, and your forehead resting on your arms. The hot water beating down on the back of your neck and shoulders should help ease your headache pain.
4) Learn to breathe deeply. You stand a good chance or can avoiding a tension headache if you learn to breathe slowly and deeply whenever you begin to feel stress. Most experts recommend breathing through the nose because it carries oxygen more directly to the brain. You should take a deep breath, filling your lungs completely as you inhale to a slow count of four. Hold the breath through a slow count of four, and then exhale to a slow count of four. If you do it properly, you should feel your stomach puff out slightly.
5) Perhaps the best natural way to prevent headache pain is to exercise.
Regular physical activity helps keep your blood circulating through your body, delivering more oxygen and removing metabolic waste more efficiently.
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Diets that are high in fiber usually consist of foods such as pasta and cereals, whole-grain bread, beans and dried peas, fresh and dried fruits, and fresh vegetables, all of which contain plenty of fiber and complex carbohydrates. Such high-fiber foods are good for weight loss because they are more filling and contain fewer calories per gram than high-fat foods. As long as this diet contains a wide variety of low-calorie foods, it can be a safe and effective way to lose weight.
The only disadvantage of a high-fiber diet is that it may cause some initial indigestion and gas. These problems normally disappear in a relatively short time. They can also be effectively avoided in most cases by adding fiber to the diet gradually, and by not consuming an excessive amount of fiber.
Low-Fat Diet Tips
Here are some tips from the American Heart Association to help simplify a low-fat eating plan:
1) Limit your intake of lean meat, seafood and poultry (with no visible fat trimmed or drained) to no more than ounces a day.
2) Substitute meatless main dishes as entrees, or combine with small portions of meat.
3) Use no more than 5 to 8 teaspoons of fat and oils a day for cooking, baking, spreads and salads.
4) Cut back on egg-yolk consumption to three or four per week. (Egg whites are all right).
5) Eat five or more servings of fruits and vegetables a day.
6) Eat at least six servings of cereals and grains a day.
7) Use skim or 1% milk and other low-fat dairy products.
Limit your consumption of organ meats, such as kidney, liver, heart, and gizzards.
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Herbal Salt Substitutes
One good way to cut down or eliminate your intake of salt is to take advantage of several herbal combinations which can be placed in shakers and used as salt substitutes. Here are two basic herbal salt substitutes:
1) The most basic herbal salt substitute consists of garlic powder, basil, oregano and powdered lemon rind. Place 2 teaspoons of garlic powder and one teaspoon each of basil, oregano, and powdered lemon rind in a blender and mix thoroughly. Keep the mixture in a glass container with the addition of rice to ensure that it doesn’t cake.
2) For a more spicy salt substitute, place 1 teaspoon each of cloves, pepper, and crushed coriander seed, 2 teaspoons of paprika, and 1 tablespoon of rosemary in a blender and mix well. Keep the mixture in an airtight container.
Should You Use Real Sugar Or A Sweetener Substitute?
It’s true that, except for supplying calories and energy, sugar has no nutritional value. However, it is not true that sugar prompts hyperactivity in children or causes diabetes, heart disease, and acne. And while sugar can contribute to obesity, it is much less a factor than fatty foods in causing a person to be overweight. The problem with using sugar is that many people don’t know “when to say when”. Consumed in small amounts, sugar actually provides some healthful benefits. Sugar can help relieve anxiety and stress, induce relaxation and sleep, act as an antidepressant, help heal wounds, and eliminate bacteria. New studies also suggest that small amounts of table sugar might even be safe for some people with diabetes.
On the negative side, sugar does promote cavities, and can cause sudden increases in insulin and blood glucose (although some vegetables, such as potatoes and carrots rank above sugar in ability to spur a quick rise in blood sugar). As mentioned earlier, sugar can promote weight gain if consumed in excess. It can also replace nutritional value when sugar-laden junk foods are a main part of one’s diet.
Unless a medical condition dictates the use of artificial sweeteners rather than sugar, it’s a matter of individual choice. If you do use sugar, do so moderately, and make sure you don’t replace nutritional value for the sake of a “sweet tooth”.
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